{"id":543,"date":"2026-01-25T08:52:04","date_gmt":"2026-01-25T07:52:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.mjm-automation.sk\/?p=543"},"modified":"2026-02-21T19:46:46","modified_gmt":"2026-02-21T18:46:46","slug":"opticke-senzory-farma-priemysel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.mjm-automation.sk\/en\/clanky-blog\/opticke-senzory-farma-priemysel\/","title":{"rendered":"Optical sensors \u2013 pharmaceutical industry"},"content":{"rendered":"

Optical sensors \u2013 pharmaceutical industry<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Precision as the foundation of production<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

When you enter the world of pharmaceutical manufacturing<\/strong> as an electrician or automation technician, you quickly realize that precision is not just a requirement \u2013 it is an absolute foundation<\/strong>.
Every capsule, every bottle, every millimeter on the production line must be under control.
And this is exactly where they come into play optical sensors<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

For an electrician, it\u2019s not just about \u201cplug it in and it works\u201d<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Optical sensors are the nervous system of the production line<\/strong> \u2013 they monitor the presence of packaging, check positioning, and send signals to the PLC so that everything runs without errors.
In an industry where strict standards apply GMP<\/strong> and FDA<\/strong>, is the reliability of sensors is just as important as the correct wiring of the switchgear<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Types of optical sensors used in the pharmaceutical industry<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1<\/mark> Luminescent sensors (e.g. UVX):<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

They emit ultraviolet light to detect luminescent tracers in materials. They have a fast response time and a longer range (3\u20136\u00d7 greater than the competition).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2<\/mark> Contrast sensors (e.g. CNTX)<\/strong>:<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

They detect differences in surface finish, markings, or texture with high precision (switching speed of 40 kHz).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3<\/mark> Color sensors (e.g. ColorMax or CMYX)<\/strong>:<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

They distinguish colors, including opaque or transparent marks, with detection of small marks (from 0.5 mm) at speeds of up to 2,000 ft\/min.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4<\/mark> Opacity sensors (e.g. OPAX-1000)<\/strong>:<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

They measure light transmission through materials (99 levels of relative opacity) and support materials such as HDPE, LDPE, or paper.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On pharmaceutical production lines (e.g. filling, packaging, or ampoule inspection), various types of optical sensors are used. Below is a more detailed overview of the most common ones we mentioned earlier in the basic list, including their applications: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

1 Luminescen\u010dn\u00e9 senzory<\/mark> (\u010dasto ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 aj ako UV luminescen\u010dn\u00e9 senzory alebo fluorescence senzory, napr. s\u00e9ria UVX<\/mark> od EMX Industries, pr\u00edpadne podobn\u00e9 modely od Banner Engineering \u2013 Q26, QL56 at\u010f.) patria medzi \u0161pecializovan\u00e9 optoelektronick\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de, ktor\u00e9 funguj\u00fa na princ\u00edpe vyvolania a detekcie fluorescencie<\/mark>. Ako presne funguj\u00fa (princ\u00edp)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    \n
  1. Senzor vysiela modulovan\u00e9 ultrafialov\u00e9 svetlo<\/mark> (UV-A, typicky ~365 nm) \u2013 toto UV svetlo je pre \u013eudsk\u00e9 oko nevidite\u013en\u00e9.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. UV l\u00fa\u010d dopadne na materi\u00e1l, ktor\u00fd obsahuje luminiscen\u010dn\u00e9 (fluorescen\u010dn\u00e9) l\u00e1tky<\/mark> \u2013 tzv. luminofory, optick\u00e9 zjas\u0148ova\u010de, UV pigmenty, fluorescen\u010dn\u00e9 lepidl\u00e1, farby alebo pr\u00edsady.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Tieto l\u00e1tky absorbuj\u00fa UV energiu a okam\u017eite ju reemuj\u00fa vo vidite\u013enom spektre<\/mark> (v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou modrozelen\u00e9 a\u017e \u017elt\u00e9 svetlo \u2013 400\u2013600 nm).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Senzor m\u00e1 filter, ktor\u00fd prep\u00fa\u0161\u0165a len toto vidite\u013en\u00e9 svetlo<\/mark> (odrazen\u00e9 fluorescen\u010dn\u00e9) a blokuje odrazen\u00e9 UV + be\u017en\u00e9 okolite svetlo.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. Na z\u00e1klade intenzity zachyten\u00e9ho vidite\u013en\u00e9ho svetla senzor rozhodne \u2192 je \/ nie je pr\u00edtomn\u00e1 luminiscen\u010dn\u00e1 zna\u010dka.<\/mark><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    V\u00fdsledkom je ve\u013emi spo\u013eahliv\u00e1 detekcia aj vtedy, ke\u010f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

      \n
    • cie\u013e je prieh\u013eadn\u00fd \/ bezfarebn\u00fd<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • cie\u013e m\u00e1 rovnak\u00fa farbu ako pozadie<\/li>\n\n\n\n
    • povrch je leskl\u00fd, nerovn\u00fd alebo farebne nest\u00e1ly<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

      K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 technick\u00e9 v\u00fdhody (pre\u010do sa \u010dasto volia pr\u00e1ve tieto senzory)<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      • R\u00fdchlos\u0165 odozvy<\/mark> \u2192 mnoh\u00e9 modely zvl\u00e1daj\u00fa 10 kHz (10 000 sp\u00ednan\u00ed za sekundu) \u2192 vhodn\u00e9 na ve\u013emi r\u00fdchle linky (a\u017e stovky kusov\/min)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Dosah<\/mark> \u2192 20\u2013350 mm (niekedy a\u017e 400\u2013500 mm pod\u013ea modelu) \u2192 3\u20136\u00d7 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed dosah<\/mark> ako be\u017en\u00e9 konkuren\u010dn\u00e9 luminescen\u010dn\u00e9 senzory (napr. star\u0161ie Balluff modely alebo lacnej\u0161ie \u00e1zijsk\u00e9 alternat\u00edvy)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Nastavite\u013en\u00e1 citlivos\u0165<\/mark> (gain) a prah (threshold) + hystereza \u2192 umo\u017e\u0148uje odl\u00ed\u0161i\u0165 slab\u00fa fluorescenciu lepidla od silnej fluorescencie papierov\u00e9ho obalu (ktor\u00fd \u010dasto obsahuje optick\u00e9 zjas\u0148ova\u010de)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Niektor\u00e9 modely maj\u00fa digit\u00e1lny displej<\/mark> (0\u2013999 alebo 0\u201350), ktor\u00fd ukazuje aktu\u00e1lnu intenzitu sign\u00e1lu \u2192 ve\u013emi r\u00fdchle ladenie pri zmene materi\u00e1lu<\/li>\n\n\n\n
      • Anal\u00f3gov\u00fd + digit\u00e1lny v\u00fdstup (PNP\/NPN) \u2192 jednoduch\u00e9 napojenie na PLC<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

        Aplik\u00e1cia vo farmaceutickom priemysle \u2013 tamper-evident pe\u010date na val\u010dekov\u00fdch dopravn\u00edkochNaj\u010dastej\u0161\u00ed scen\u00e1r (pr\u00e1ve ten, ktor\u00fd si spom\u00edna\u0161):<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        • Ampulky, injek\u010dn\u00e9 f\u013ea\u0161ti\u010dky (vialky), sirupy, inf\u00fazne f\u013ea\u0161e at\u010f. id\u00fa po val\u010dekovom \/ re\u0165azovom dopravn\u00edku<\/mark> vysokou r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • Na hrdlo f\u013ea\u0161e \/ vie\u010dko je nasaden\u00e1 tamper-evident ochrann\u00e1 p\u00e1ska \/ shrink band \/ pe\u010da\u0165<\/mark> (\u010dasto prieh\u013eadn\u00e1 alebo biela termosmr\u0161\u0165ovacia f\u00f3lia).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
        • T\u00e1to pe\u010da\u0165 obsahuje bu\u010f:\n
            \n
          • fluorescen\u010dn\u00e9 lepidlo (naj\u010dastej\u0161ie)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • optick\u00e9 zjas\u0148ova\u010de vo f\u00f3l ii<\/li>\n\n\n\n
          • \u0161peci\u00e1lne UV-tla\u010dov\u00e9 zna\u010dky \/ pr\u00edsady<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

            \u00daloha senzoru:<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

              \n
            • Overi\u0165 pr\u00edtomnos\u0165<\/mark> pe\u010date (\u010di v\u00f4bec je)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Overi\u0165 spr\u00e1vnu poz\u00edciu<\/mark> (\u010di nie je posunut\u00e1 pr\u00edli\u0161 hore\/dole)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
            • Overi\u0165 celistvos\u0165<\/mark> (\u010di nie je pretrhnut\u00e1 \u2013 v niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch sa d\u00e1 detegova\u0165 rozdiel v intenzite)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

              Ak senzor nezachyt\u00ed o\u010dak\u00e1van\u00fa fluorescenciu<\/mark> \u2192 okam\u017eite vy\u0161le sign\u00e1l \u2192 f\u013ea\u0161a ide do odmietacieho v\u00fdstupu<\/mark> (reject) alebo sa zastav\u00ed linka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

              Pre\u010do pr\u00e1ve luminescen\u010dn\u00fd senzor a nie in\u00fd typ?<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                \n
              • Klasick\u00fd reflexn\u00fd \/ dif\u00fazny senzor \u2192 \u010dasto zlyh\u00e1va (prieh\u013eadn\u00e1 f\u00f3lia, leskl\u00fd povrch skla, farebn\u00e9 vari\u00e1cie vie\u010dok)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Farebn\u00fd \/ kontrastn\u00fd senzor \u2192 nefunguje na prieh\u013eadn\u00fdch alebo bielych pe\u010datiach<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Kamerov\u00fd syst\u00e9m (vision) \u2192 5\u201315\u00d7 drah\u0161\u00ed, zlo\u017eitej\u0161\u00ed setup, pomal\u0161\u00ed pri ultra-vysok\u00fdch r\u00fdchlostiach, citliv\u00fd na prach a vibr\u00e1cie<\/li>\n\n\n\n
              • Luminescen\u010dn\u00fd senzor \u2192 lacn\u00fd, robustn\u00fd, spo\u013eahliv\u00fd aj pri 300\u2013500 f\u013ea\u0161\/min, ve\u013ek\u00fd dosah (nemus\u00ed by\u0165 presne 20 mm od f\u013ea\u0161e)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                Typick\u00e9 modely pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 vo farm\u00e1cii (2025\/2026)<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

                  \n
                • EMX UVX-300 (alebo UVX-300G, UVX-300-FGC \u2013 filtrovan\u00e1 verzia proti ru\u0161eniu od optick\u00fdch zjas\u0148ova\u010dov v papieri\/plaste)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Banner Q26 \u2013 kompaktnej\u0161\u00ed, men\u0161\u00ed dosah, ale ve\u013emi r\u00fdchly<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                • Banner QL56 \u2013 odolnej\u0161\u00ed (kovov\u00e9 puzdro IP67\/69K)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                  \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

                  2<\/mark> Kontrastn\u00e9 senzory<\/mark> (tie\u017e naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 registration mark<\/mark> senzory, color mark<\/mark> senzory alebo contrast detection sensors, napr. CNTX od EMX Industries) patria medzi najpresnej\u0161ie optick\u00e9 senzory na detekciu mal\u00fdch rozdielov v odrazivosti, farbe alebo \u0161trukt\u00fare povrchu. S\u00fa \u0161peci\u00e1lne navrhnut\u00e9 pre aplik\u00e1cie, kde klasick\u00e9 dif\u00fazne\/reflexn\u00e9 senzory zlyh\u00e1vaj\u00fa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                    \n
                  • Ako funguj\u00fa (princ\u00edp)<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Senzor vysiela \u0161irokospektr\u00e1lne biele svetlo<\/mark> (broad-spectrum white LED) \u2013 nie jednofarebn\u00e9 \u010derven\u00e9\/zelen\u00e9 ako be\u017en\u00e9 senzory.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Svetlo sa odr\u00e1\u017ea od povrchu a senzor meria intenzitu odrazu v nieko\u013ek\u00fdch vlnov\u00fdch d\u013a\u017ekach<\/mark> s\u00fa\u010dasne (patentovan\u00e1 technol\u00f3gia EMX).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Vn\u00fatorn\u00fd procesor porovn\u00e1va nameran\u00fa hodnotu s nau\u010den\u00fdmi prahmi (teaching) \u2013 rozli\u0161uje a\u017e 50 \u00farovn\u00ed \u0161edej<\/mark> (gray-scale levels).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • V\u00fdstup: digit\u00e1lny (PNP\/NPN) \u2013 sp\u00ednanie pri prekro\u010den\u00ed \/ podkro\u010den\u00ed kontrastu.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Ve\u013emi mal\u00fd spot size<\/mark> (sveteln\u00e1 bodka) \u2192 ~1\u20133 mm (pod\u013ea modelu a zaostrenia) \u2192 detekcia aj ve\u013emi jemn\u00fdch zna\u010diek.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 parametre CNTX (typick\u00e9 hodnoty pre EMX CNTX-30-TP \/ CNTX-30-0)<\/mark>:<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Prep\u00ednacia frekvencia: a\u017e 40 kHz<\/mark> (40 000 sp\u00ednan\u00ed\/s) \u2192 najr\u00fdchlej\u0161ie kontrastn\u00e9 senzory na trhu<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Rozl\u00ed\u0161enie kontrastu: a\u017e 50 gray-scale levels<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Dosah: 10\u201330 mm (optim\u00e1lne ~20 mm)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Sveteln\u00fd zdroj: broad-spectrum white LED<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Teach-in: 1-tla\u010didlov\u00fd (static teach) alebo dynamick\u00fd (na beh\u00facej linke)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • V\u00fdstup: PNP\/NPN + anal\u00f3gov\u00fd (niektor\u00e9 verzie)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Krytie: IP67, kovov\u00e9 puzdro<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Pre\u010do 40 kHz a pre\u010do je to d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 vo farmaceutike<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Na r\u00fdchlych val\u010dekov\u00fdch dopravn\u00edkoch vo farm\u00e1cii be\u017eia linky \u010dasto 300\u2013800 f\u013ea\u0161\/min<\/mark> (niekedy a\u017e 1200\/min).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Pri 600 f\u013ea\u0161\/min = 10 f\u013ea\u0161\/s \u2192 medzera medzi f\u013ea\u0161ami m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 len 50\u2013150 ms<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Na detekciu registra\u010dnej zna\u010dky (mark) na etikete m\u00e1 senzor na ka\u017ed\u00fa zna\u010dku len 2\u201310 ms<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Pri 40 kHz m\u00e1 senzor cyklus ~25 \u00b5s \u2192 zvl\u00e1dne aj ve\u013emi kr\u00e1tke zna\u010dky (1\u20132 mm) pri vysokej r\u00fdchlosti bez vynechania<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Be\u017en\u00e9 kontrastn\u00e9 senzory (napr. Sick KT, Leuze, Banner R58) maj\u00fa 10\u201325 kHz \u2192 na ultra-r\u00fdchlych link\u00e1ch u\u017e nesta\u010dia.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Typick\u00e9 aplik\u00e1cie vo farmaceutickom priemysle (val\u010dekov\u00e9 \/ re\u0165azov\u00e9 dopravn\u00edky)<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                  • Detekcia pr\u00edtomnosti a spr\u00e1vnej poz\u00edcie etikety<\/mark>\n
                      \n
                    • Kontrola, \u010di je etiketa v\u00f4bec nalepen\u00e1<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • \u010ci nie je posunut\u00e1 (label skew) alebo ch\u00fdba kus<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                    • Registra\u010dn\u00e1 zna\u010dka (registration mark \/ eye-mark)<\/mark>\n
                        \n
                      • Mal\u00fd obd\u013a\u017enik \/ \u010diara na okraji etikety (\u010dierna na bielom, biely na striebornom at\u010f.)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • Pou\u017e\u00edva sa na synchroniz\u00e1ciu rezania, rezania p\u00e1sky, aplik\u00e1cie vie\u010dka, overprint d\u00e1tumu at\u010f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                      • Kontrola integrity tamper-evident prvkov<\/mark>\n
                          \n
                        • Rozdiel medzi matn\u00fdm a leskl\u00fdm povrchom (shrink sleeve vs. f\u013ea\u0161a)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                        • Detekcia perfor\u00e1cie \/ tear tab na ochrannej f\u00f3l ii<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                        • Overovanie \u010diarov\u00fdch k\u00f3dov \/ 2D k\u00f3dov \/ d\u00e1tumu \/ lot \u010d\u00edsla<\/mark>\n
                            \n
                          • Nie \u010d\u00edtanie obsahu, ale pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 \/ kontrast tla\u010de (\u010di nie je rozmazan\u00fd alebo ch\u00fdba)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                          • Sortovanie f\u013ea\u0161 \/ vie\u010dok pod\u013ea farby alebo povrchovej \u00fapravy<\/mark>\n
                              \n
                            • Matn\u00e9 vs. leskl\u00e9 vie\u010dko, biela vs. metalizovan\u00e1 etiketa<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                            • Kontrola prieh\u013eadn\u00fdch \/ poloprieh\u013eadn\u00fdch etikiet<\/mark>\n
                                \n
                              • Na sklenen\u00fdch alebo PET f\u013ea\u0161iach \u2013 kontrast medzi lepidlom \/ podkladom a sklom<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              • Pre\u010do kontrastn\u00fd senzor vyhr\u00e1va nad in\u00fdmi technol\u00f3giami v t\u00fdchto pr\u00edpadoch?<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              • Vision syst\u00e9m \u2192 5\u201320\u00d7 drah\u0161\u00ed, citliv\u00fd na vibr\u00e1cie, prach, osvetlenie, pomal\u0161\u00ed setup<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              • UV luminescen\u010dn\u00fd senzor \u2192 vy\u017eaduje fluorescen\u010dn\u00fa pr\u00edsadu (nie v\u017edy pr\u00edtomn\u00e1)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              • Be\u017en\u00fd dif\u00fazny senzor \u2192 mal\u00fd kontrast \u2192 vysok\u00e1 chybovos\u0165 na leskl\u00fdch \/ prieh\u013eadn\u00fdch materi\u00e1loch<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              • Typick\u00e9 modely (2025\/2026) pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 vo farm\u00e1cii<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              • EMX CNTX-30-TP (naj\u010dastej\u0161\u00ed \u2013 teach push-button, 40 kHz)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              • EMX CNTX-30-FGC (verzia s filtrom proti ru\u0161eniu od fluorescencie papiera)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              • Sick KT5 \/ KT8 (25\u201331 kHz \u2013 lacnej\u0161ia alternat\u00edva)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              • Leuze FT 55-CM (do ~25 kHz)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                              • Banner R58 Expert (do 10 kHz \u2013 u\u017e pomal\u0161\u00ed na top linky)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                                \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

                                3<\/mark> Farebn\u00e9 senzory<\/mark> (color sensors, RGB color sensors, translucent color sensors \u2013 napr. ColorMax s\u00e9ria od EMX Industries, konkr\u00e9tne ColorMax-1000<\/mark>, ColorMax VIEW, ColorMax HEX<\/mark> alebo CMYX<\/mark>) s\u00fa pokro\u010dil\u00e9 optick\u00e9 senzory ur\u010den\u00e9 na presn\u00fa identifik\u00e1ciu a kontrolu farieb, vr\u00e1tane ve\u013emi jemn\u00fdch odtie\u0148ov, priesvitn\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov a mal\u00fdch zna\u010diek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                  \n
                                • Ako funguj\u00fa (princ\u00edp)<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                • Senzor vysiela modulovan\u00e9 biele svetlo<\/mark> (broadband white LED) alebo \u0161pecifick\u00e9 RGB osvetlenie.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                • Svetlo dopadne na objekt \u2192 odraz\u00ed sa (u neprieh\u013eadn\u00fdch povrchov) alebo prejde cez materi\u00e1l (u priesvitn\u00fdch).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                • Fotodetektory meraj\u00fa intenzitu v troch kan\u00e1loch: R (\u010derven\u00e1), G (zelen\u00e1), B (modr\u00e1)<\/mark> \u2013 niektor\u00e9 modely aj intenzitu samostatne.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                • Procesor porovn\u00e1va nameran\u00fa RGB hodnotu (alebo \u0394E farebn\u00fd rozdiel) s nau\u010den\u00fdmi toleran\u010dn\u00fdmi oknami (tolerance bands).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                • V\u00fdstup:\n
                                    \n
                                  • Digit\u00e1lne (PNP\/NPN) \u2013 OK \/ NG (v limite \/ mimo limitu)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • Anal\u00f3gov\u00e9 (RGB intenzity) \u2013 pre pokro\u010dil\u00fa anal\u00fdzu v PLC<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • Niektor\u00e9 modely maj\u00fa aj 4\u201315 v\u00fdstupov pre viac farieb naraz<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 parametre (typick\u00e9 pre EMX ColorMax s\u00e9riu):<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • Rozl\u00ed\u0161enie farby: a\u017e 0,5 % vari\u00e1cia (\u0394E ~1\u20132 v CIELAB priestore) \u2013 jedna z najlep\u0161\u00edch hodn\u00f4t na trhu<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • Prep\u00ednacia frekvencia: a\u017e 20 kHz<\/mark> (20 000 sp\u00ednan\u00ed\/s)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • Minim\u00e1lna ve\u013ekos\u0165 detekovanej zna\u010dky: od ~0,5\u20131 mm (pod\u013ea modelu a zaostrenia)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • R\u00fdchlos\u0165 linky: do 2000 ft\/min<\/mark> (~10 m\/s, ~600 m\/min) \u2013 re\u00e1lne vo farm\u00e1cii \u010dasto 2\u20138 m\/s<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • Dosah: 10\u201350 mm (optim\u00e1lne 20\u201330 mm)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • Teach-in: multi-color teach (a\u017e 15 farieb), tolerance nastavite\u013en\u00e1 v % alebo \u0394E<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • Krytie: IP67\/IP69K, vhodn\u00e9 do \u010dist\u00fdch priestorov (cleanroom compatible verzie)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • \u0160peci\u00e1lne verzie pod\u013ea typu materi\u00e1lu<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • ColorMax-1000 \/ HEX<\/mark> \u2192 klasick\u00e9 odrazov\u00e9 farby (neprieh\u013eadn\u00e9 etikety, vie\u010dka, tla\u010d)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • ColorMax VIEW<\/mark> \u2192 priesvitn\u00e9 \/ translucent aplik\u00e1cie (farebn\u00e9 shrink sleeves, prieh\u013eadn\u00e9 f\u00f3lie s farebn\u00fdm potiskom, inf\u00fazne vaky, ampulky s farebn\u00fdmi k\u00f3dmi na skle)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • CMYX<\/mark> \u2192 color mark senzor (\u0161pecializovan\u00fd na registra\u010dn\u00e9 zna\u010dky farieb, \u010dasto s nastavite\u013en\u00fdm gainom a thresholdom pre vysokor\u00fdchlostn\u00e9 linky)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • Aplik\u00e1cie vo farmaceutickom priemysle (val\u010dekov\u00e9 \/ re\u0165azov\u00e9 dopravn\u00edky)<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                  • Overovanie farby tamper-evident pe\u010dat\u00ed \/ shrink bands<\/mark>\n
                                      \n
                                    • Kontrola, \u010di je pe\u010da\u0165 spr\u00e1vnej farby (napr. modr\u00e1 pre ur\u010dit\u00fd liek, \u010derven\u00e1 pre cytotoxick\u00e9)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                    • Detekcia farebn\u00e9ho gradientu alebo degrad\u00e1cie farby (vyblednutie UV)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                    • Farebn\u00e9 k\u00f3dovanie farmaceutick\u00fdch produktov<\/mark>\n
                                        \n
                                      • Farebn\u00e9 bodky \/ pr\u00fa\u017eky \/ kruhy na vie\u010dkach, hrdl\u00e1ch alebo dn\u00e1ch f\u013ea\u0161 (color coding pre liek \/ silu \/ balenie)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                      • Zabr\u00e1nenie z\u00e1mene produktov (mix-up prevention \u2013 kritick\u00e9 pre patient safety)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                      • Kontrola farby etikiet a potla\u010de<\/mark>\n
                                          \n
                                        • Overenie, \u010di je farba loga, textu alebo d\u00e1tumu v tolerancii (napr. \u010dierny text nie je siv\u00fd kv\u00f4li zlej tla\u010diarni)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                        • Detekcia mal\u00fdch farebn\u00fdch zna\u010diek (registration marks) na etiket\u00e1ch<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                        • Sortovanie \/ odmietanie pod\u013ea farby<\/mark>\n
                                            \n
                                          • R\u00f4zne farby vie\u010dok pre r\u00f4zne varianty lieku<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                          • Kontrola integrity farby po steriliz\u00e1cii (autokl\u00e1v, gama o\u017eiarenie)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                          • Kontrola prieh\u013eadn\u00fdch \/ poloprieh\u013eadn\u00fdch obalov<\/mark>\n
                                              \n
                                            • Farebn\u00e9 inf\u00fazne roztoky vo vreciach<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            • Farebn\u00e9 g\u00e9lov\u00e9 kapsuly vo f\u013ea\u0161iach (cez prieh\u013eadn\u00fd plast)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            • Pre\u010do farebn\u00fd senzor a nie in\u00fd?<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            • Kontrastn\u00fd senzor \u2192 nerozli\u0161uje odtiene (len \u0161ed\u00fa \u0161k\u00e1lu)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            • Vision syst\u00e9m \u2192 drah\u00fd, pomal\u0161\u00ed setup, citliv\u00fd na osvetlenie a vibr\u00e1cie<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            • UV luminescen\u010dn\u00fd \u2192 vy\u017eaduje fluorescenciu (nie v\u017edy pr\u00edtomn\u00e1)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            • Farebn\u00fd senzor \u2192 priamy meranie RGB\/\u0394E, vysok\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165, mal\u00e9 zna\u010dky, translucent schopnos\u0165<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            • Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie modely vo farm\u00e1cii (2025\/2026)<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            • EMX ColorMax VIEW<\/mark> \u2013 najlep\u0161\u00ed na priesvitn\u00e9 obaly<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            • EMX ColorMax-1000 \/ ColorMax HEX<\/mark> \u2013 univerz\u00e1lne, vysok\u00e1 presnos\u0165<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            • EMX CMYX<\/mark> \u2013 lacnej\u0161\u00ed variant na color marks<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                            • Alternat\u00edvy: Sick CSM, Banner QS18 \/ QCM, Keyence CZ-V20\/V21<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n
                                              \"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

                                              4<\/mark> Senzory neprieh\u013eadnosti<\/mark> (opacity sensors, turbidity\/opacity meters pre obaly, napr. OPAX-1000<\/mark> od EMX Industries) s\u00fa transmis\u00edvne (through-beam) optick\u00e9 senzory, ktor\u00e9 meraj\u00fa, ko\u013eko svetla prejde cez materi\u00e1l f\u013ea\u0161e\/vrecka\/papiera. Ich hlavnou \u00falohou je kvantifikova\u0165 neprieh\u013eadnos\u0165<\/mark> (opacity) \u2013 \u010d\u00edm menej svetla prejde, t\u00fdm vy\u0161\u0161ia neprieh\u013eadnos\u0165 (a lep\u0161ia ochrana pred svetlom).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

                                                \n
                                              • Ako funguj\u00fa<\/mark> (princ\u00edp)Syst\u00e9m pozost\u00e1va z dvoch \u010dast\u00ed:<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                              • Transmitter<\/mark> (vysiela\u010d) \u2013 mal\u00fd val\u010dekov\u00fd modul (priemer ~8 mm, d\u013a\u017eka ~38 mm), vysiela stabilizovan\u00e9 svetlo (v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou IR \u2013 infra\u010derven\u00e9, niekedy UV verzia pre \u0161pecifick\u00e9 aplik\u00e1cie).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                              • Receiver<\/mark> (prij\u00edma\u010d) \u2013 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed box (51 \u00d7 61 \u00d7 25 mm) s fotodetektorom, 2-miestnym displejom (0\u201399), tla\u010didlami na nastavenie a v\u00fdstupmi.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                              • 1 Svetlo z transmittera prech\u00e1dza cez stenu f\u013ea\u0161e (alebo vrecka).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                              • 2 Receiver meria intenzitu prejden\u00e9ho svetla<\/mark>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                              • 3 V\u00fdsledok sa prevedie na relat\u00edvnu \u0161k\u00e1lu neprieh\u013eadnosti<\/mark> (0\u201399 \u00farovn\u00ed):\n
                                                  \n
                                                • 0 = \u00faplne prieh\u013eadn\u00e9 (takmer 100 % priepustnos\u0165)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • 99 = takmer \u00faplne neprieh\u013eadn\u00e9 (ve\u013emi n\u00edzka priepustnos\u0165)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Nastav\u00ed sa prahov\u00e1 hodnota (threshold) \u2013 napr. minimum 70\u201385 pod\u013ea po\u017eiadavky stability lieku.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Ak hodnota klesne pod prah \u2192 f\u013ea\u0161a NG (defektn\u00e1) \u2192 reject sign\u00e1l.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 technick\u00e9 parametre OPAX-1000 (typick\u00e9 hodnoty)<\/mark>:<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Rozl\u00ed\u0161enie: 99 \u00farovn\u00ed relat\u00edvnej opacity (vysok\u00e9 rozl\u00ed\u0161enie na detekciu mal\u00fdch zmien)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Anal\u00f3gov\u00fd v\u00fdstup: 0\u201310 V alebo 4\u201320 mA \u2013 umo\u017e\u0148uje presn\u00e9 sledovanie variability (nie len bin\u00e1rne OK\/NG)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Digit\u00e1lny v\u00fdstup: PNP\/NPN (NO\/NC konfigur\u00e1cia)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • R\u00fdchlos\u0165: vysokor\u00fdchlostn\u00e1 (vhodn\u00e1 na linky 300\u20131000+ ks\/min)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Dosah medzi Tx a Rx: typicky 20\u201350 mm (nastavite\u013en\u00e9)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Sveteln\u00fd zdroj: IR LED (\u0161tandard), UV verzia pre niektor\u00e9 \u0161peci\u00e1lne materi\u00e1ly<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Nap\u00e1janie: 24 V DC<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Krytie: IP67 (receiver), robustn\u00e9 pre \u010dist\u00e9 priestory a wash-down<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Teach-in: auto-teach (na vzorke) + manu\u00e1lne doladenie<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Pre\u010do je to kritick\u00e9 vo farmaceutike (fotosenzit\u00edvne l\u00e1tky)<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Mnoh\u00e9 lieky s\u00fa fotolabiln\u00e9<\/mark> (fotosenzit\u00edvne) \u2013 degraduj\u00fa p\u00f4soben\u00edm UV\/vis svetla:<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Vitam\u00edny (B2 \u2013 riboflav\u00edn, C, A, E)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Antibiotik\u00e1 (tetracykl\u00edny, cefalospor\u00edny)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Horm\u00f3ny, cytotoxick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, niektor\u00e9 onkologik\u00e1<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Epinefr\u00edn, nitroglycer\u00edn, diazepam at\u010f.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Pod\u013ea USP <659>, Ph. Eur. 3.2.1 a FDA po\u017eiadaviek musia obaly pre tak\u00e9to l\u00e1tky poskytova\u0165 dostato\u010dn\u00fa ochranu pred svetlom<\/mark> (light protection) \u2013 \u010dasto definovan\u00e9 ako \u201elight-resistant\u201c alebo \u201eopaque\u201c.Ak f\u013ea\u0161a prep\u00fa\u0161\u0165a pr\u00edli\u0161 ve\u013ea svetla (n\u00edzka opacity), liek m\u00f4\u017ee:<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Strati\u0165 \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 (degrad\u00e1cia \u00fa\u010dinnej l\u00e1tky)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Vznikn\u00fa\u0165 toxick\u00e9 degradanty<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Zmeni\u0165 farbu, pH, \u010d\u00edros\u0165<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • \u2192 OPAX-1000 kontroluje ka\u017ed\u00fa f\u013ea\u0161u on-line<\/mark> (100 % in\u0161pekcia), nie len vzorkovanie.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Podporovan\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • HDPE<\/mark> (high-density polyethylene) \u2013 naj\u010dastej\u0161ie f\u013ea\u0161e na sirupy, tablety, kvapky<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • LDPE<\/mark> (low-density polyethylene) \u2013 m\u00e4kk\u00e9 f\u013ea\u0161e, dropper f\u013ea\u0161e<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • PP<\/mark> (polypropyl\u00e9n)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Papierov\u00e9 obaly \/ kompozitn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Niektor\u00e9 PET (ak je opacifikovan\u00fd \u2013 biely\/mlie\u010dny)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Nie je ur\u010den\u00fd<\/mark> na \u00faplne prieh\u013eadn\u00e9 sklo\/PET \u2013 tam sa pou\u017e\u00edva in\u00e1 met\u00f3da (napr. farebn\u00e9 sklo typu amber\/topaz + test priepustnosti spektrofotometrom mimo linky).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Aplik\u00e1cia na val\u010dekov\u00fdch dopravn\u00edkoch vo farm\u00e1cii<\/mark><\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Typick\u00fd setup:<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • F\u013ea\u0161e id\u00fa vo zvislej polohe po val\u010dekovom dopravn\u00edku.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Transmitter a receiver s\u00fa namontovan\u00e9 oproti sebe (cez dopravn\u00edk) \u2013 na \u00farovni stredu f\u013ea\u0161e alebo hrdla.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Pri prechode f\u013ea\u0161e medzi Tx a Rx senzor meria priepustnos\u0165 steny.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • \u010cas merania: ~10\u201350 ms na f\u013ea\u0161u (vysok\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165 linky).<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Ak opacity < nastaven\u00e9ho minima \u2192 PLC dostane reject sign\u00e1l \u2192 pneumatick\u00fd vyhadzova\u010d \/ stop linky \/ diverter.<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • V\u00fdhody oproti in\u00fdm met\u00f3dam<\/mark>:<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Vision syst\u00e9m \u2192 drah\u00fd, citliv\u00fd na polohu f\u013ea\u0161e, prach, kondenz<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • V\u00e1kuov\u00e9 testy \/ tlakov\u00e9 testy \u2192 kontroluj\u00fa tesnos\u0165, nie opacity<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • Manu\u00e1lne spektrofotometre \u2192 len offline, vzorkov\u00e9<\/li>\n\n\n\n
                                                • OPAX \u2192 100 % on-line, lacn\u00fd, robustn\u00fd, jednoduch\u00fd setup<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n

                                                  Optick\u00e9 senzory ako k\u013e\u00fa\u010d k spo\u013eahlivej a bezpe\u010dnej farmaceutickej v\u00fdrobe<\/h2>\n\n\n\n